The role of Magnesium in some diseases (part 2)

Magnesium (Mg) is one of the most essential minerals in the human body. Magnesium is a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions in the body. Some of these processes include protein synthesis, cellular energy production and storage, reproduction, DNA and RNA synthesis, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization. Magnesium also plays an important role in neurotransmission, neuromuscular, muscle contraction, vasomotor tone, cardiac excitability, blood pressure, glucose and insulin metabolism.

The modern diet shows that dietary Mg intake is decreasing and Mg deficiency may be associated with metabolic disorders, chronic inflammatory stress, contribute to the occurrence of atherosclerosis, increased blood pressure, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and some types of cancer.

A new approach to magnesium compounds in medical practice has been discovered. In addition to being used as an ingredient in functional foods, magnesium is also considered an effective factor in the treatment of migraine, alcoholism, asthma, heart disease, arrhythmia, kidney calcium stones, premenstrual stress syndrome,…

The relationship of magnesium with diseases Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cerebrovascular accident has been mentioned in Part 1. Below is an update on the role of Magnesium in Alzheimer’s disease; risk of fractures, osteoporosis; and cancer.

5. Magnesium and Alzheimer

In the nervous system, magnesium is important for optimal nerve conduction and neuromuscular coordination, as well as for protection against overstimulation that leads to cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder characterized by synaptic loss and cognitive impairment including learning and memory impairments.

A study of 101 older adults demonstrated an association between ionized magnesium levels and those with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The results showed that serum ionized magnesium concentrations were significantly lower in the Alzheimer’s group compared with their age-matched controls without Alzheimer’s disease (0.50 ± 0.01 mmol/L vs. ,53 ± 0.01 mmol/L; p<0.01); There were no significant differences between groups in total serum magnesium concentrations. Ionized magnesium concentrations were significantly associated with cognitive function but not physical function.

 6. Magnesium and the risk of fractures and osteoporosis

Mg deficiency can affect bone directly (by decreasing bone stiffness, increasing osteoclasts, and decreasing osteoclasts) and indirectly (by interfering with PTH and vitamin D, promoting inflammation/oxidative stress and subsequent bone loss). Mg is a copper y[1]–[4]

Essential elements for vitamin D synthesis and activation, and in turn, may increase intestinal absorption of Mg and establish a circulatory cycle to maintain homeostasis.

Various dietary surveys have shown that many people (about 20%) consistently consume lower than recommended amounts of Mg; Furthermore, in this category, lower bone mineral density and higher fracture risk were found. And conversely, intervention studies with Mg supplementation with doses varying from 250mg to 1800mg showed benefits both in terms of bone mineral density and fracture risk.

7. Magnesium and cancer

Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that magnesium-poor diets increase the risk of cancer development, demonstrating its importance in the field of hematology and oncology.

As a cofactor of enzymes involved in DNA repair mechanisms, magnesium plays an important role in maintaining genome stability and accuracy, regulating cell cycle progression, proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Therefore, magnesium deficiency can affect these systems, leading to DNA mutations, which can lead to tumor formation and both cancer risk and prognosis.

In addition, a protective effect of magnesium against chemical carcinogens has been reported recently. Magnesium is involved in cellular antioxidant capacity, directly and indirectly affects inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, and blocks the transcription of specific genes that induce the development of cancer cells, increasing the ability of the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells.

Magnesium is thought to be involved in the development of many types of cancer such as breast cancer, liver cancer, blood cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc.

References:

[1] U. Gröber, J. Schmidt, and K. Kisters, “Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy”, Nutrients, vol 7, p.h 9, pp. 8199–8226, September 2015, doi: 10.3390/nu7095388.

[2] M. Rondanelli et al., “An update on magnesium and bone health”, Biometals, vol 34, p.h 4, p. 715–736, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0.

[3] A. Botturi, V. Ciappolino, G. Delvecchio, A. Boscutti, B. Viscardi, and P. Brambilla, “The Role and the Effect of Magnesium in Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review”, Nutrients, vol. 12, No. 6, page 1661, June 2020, doi: 10.3390/nu12061661.

[4] M. Houston, “The Role of Magnesium in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease”, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), vol 13, p.h 11, pp. 843–847, September 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1751- 7176.2011.00538.x.

[5] D. Fiorentini, C. Cappadone, G. Farruggia, and C. Prata, “Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency”, Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 4, p. 1136, March 2021, doi: 10.3390/nu13041136.

Article source: Nutrition Research and Development Institute

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